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"Film" refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed. This
type of film here is 8 mm.Film is a term that encompasses motion
pictures as individual projects, as well as ? in metonymy ? the field
in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that
photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the
primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many
other terms exist ? motion pictures (or just pictures or "picture"),
the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicks ? and
commonly movies.
Films are produced by recording actual people and objects with
cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special
effects. They comprise a series of individual frames, but when these
images are shown rapidly in succession, the illusion of motion is
given to the viewer. Flickering between frames is not seen due to an
effect known as persistence of vision ? whereby the eye retains a
visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been
removed. Also of relevance is what causes the perception of motion; a
psychological effect identified as beta movement.
Film is considered by many to be an important art form; films
entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences. The visual
elements of cinema need no translation, giving the motion picture a
universal power of communication. Any film can become a worldwide
attraction, especially with the addition of dubbing or subtitles that
translate the dialogue. Films are also artifacts created by specific
cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them.
History of film
Mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images
in motion were demonstrated as early as the 1860s, with devices such
as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths
of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns), and would display
sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the
pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of
vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to
achieve the desired effect ? and the underlying principle became the
basis for the development of film animation.
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it
became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time.
Early versions of the technology sometimes required the viewer to look
into a special device to see the pictures. By the 1880s, the
development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual
component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led
quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine
light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving
picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so
exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion
pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no
editing or other cinematic techniques.
A shot from Georges M鬩賧 Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon)
(1902), an early narrative film.Motion pictures were purely visual art
up to the late 1920s, but these innovative silent films had gained a
hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the 20th Century,
films began developing a narrative structure. Films began stringing
scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up
into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such
as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story
on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners
would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music
fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s,
most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purposes,
with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World
War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the
rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as
Sergei Eisenstein and F. W. Murnau continued to advance the medium. In
the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a
soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the
action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished
by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction
of color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and
theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually. The public was
relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to
black-and-white. But as color processes improved and became as
affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed
in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America
came to view color an essential to attracting audiences in its
competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium
until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, color had become the
norm for film makers.
The 1950s, 1960s and 1970s saw changes in the production and style of
film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school
educated, independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the
medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th Century. Digital
technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s
and into the 21st Century.
