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Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise, systematic concepts that apply
to the study of film/cinema as art. Classical film theory provides a
structural framework to address classical issues of techniques,
narrativity, diegesis, cinematic codes, "the image", genre,
subjectivity, and authorship. More recent analysis has given rise to
psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film
theory and others.
Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general
this can be divided into academic criticism by film scholars and
journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and
other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media
mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once
and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this,
critics have an important impact of films, especially those of certain
genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be
greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot
summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any
film review can still have an important impact on whether people
decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the
influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often
doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of reviewer on a film's box office performance is a matter
of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well
financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the
cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies that were harshly
reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised
independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have
considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have
been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there
have been several films in which film companies have so little
confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to
avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires
as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film
may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film
reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic
approach to films. This work is more often known as film theory or
film studies. These film critics try to come to understand why film
works, how it works, and what effects it has on people. Rather than
write for newspaper or appear on television their articles are
published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines.
They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
The motion picture industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit
almost as soon the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful
their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the
Lumi貥s quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first
films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each
country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue
and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various
countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export,
import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau
Passion Play of 1898 was the first commercial motion picture ever
produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a
separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated
theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute
films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and
commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie
Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million
dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered
around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the
world, and the Indian film industry (primarily centered around "Bollywood")
annually produces the largest number of films in the world. Whether
the ten thousand-plus features a year produced by the Valley porn
industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.
Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production
to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in
affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film
productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly nature of
filmmaking; yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting
social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as The Oscars) are
the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing
recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic
merits. Also, film quickly came to be used in education, in lieu of or
in addition to lectures and texts.
Stages of filmmaking
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required
during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer
generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators,
rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film
may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Filmmaking
takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of
acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts
that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to
profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
